Help:LaTeX Symbol Tables - Mathematics

LaTeX Code	Aleph	LaTeX Code	Beth	LaTeX Code	Gimel	LaTeX Code	Daleth
\aleph		\beth		\gimel		\daleth

Arrows

LaTeX Code	Output	LaTeX Code	Output	LaTeX Code	Output	LaTeX Code	Output
\Downarrow		\longleftarrow		\nwarrow		\downarrow
\Longleftarrow		\Rightarrow		\hookleftarrow		\longleftrightarrow
\rightarrow		\hookrightarrow		\Longleftrightarrow		\searrow
\longmapsto		\swarrow		\leftarrow		\Updownarrow
\Longrightarrow		\uparrow		\Leftarrow		\longrightarrow
\Uparrow		\Leftrightarrow		\mapsto		\updownarrow
\leftrightarrow		\nearrow ↑

1. Accents
2. Arrows
3. Binary and relational operators
4. Delimiters
5. Greek letters
6. Miscellaneous symbols
7. Math functions
8. Variable size math symbols
9. Math Miscellany

The AMS dot symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb between pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi between pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso between other symbol pairs.

Functions, symbols, special characters

Accents/Diacritics
\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}
Standard functions
\sin a \cos b \tan c
\sec d \csc e \cot f
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!
\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!
\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n
Modular arithmetic
s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}
a\,\bmod\,b
Derivatives
\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}
Sets
\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing
\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup
Operators
+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}
Logic
\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And
Root
\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}
Relations
\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}
\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto
Geometric
\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ
Arrows
\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow
Special
\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp
Unsorted (new stuff)
\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown
\blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge
\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes
\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant
\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq
\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft
\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox \eqsim \gtrdot
\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq
\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork
\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq
\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid
\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr
\subsetneq
\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq
\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq
\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus
\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq
\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner

Larger Expressions

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
		HTML	PNG
Superscript	a^2	a2
Subscript	a_2	a2
Grouping	a^{2+2}	a2 + 2
	a_{i,j}	ai,j
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation	x_2^3
	{x_2}^3
Super super	10^{10^{ \,\!{8} }
Super super	10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}
Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers)	10^{10^8}
Preceding and/or Additional sub & super	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4
Stacking	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}
Derivative (forced PNG)	x', y'', f', f''\!
Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)	x', y'', f', f''	x',y'',f',f''
Derivative (wrong in HTML)	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}
Derivative (wrong in PNG)	x\prime, y\prime\prime
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c
	\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}
	\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C
Overbraces	\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}
Underbraces	\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Sum (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Product (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Limit (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Integral	\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx
Integral (alternate limits style)	\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx
Integral (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style)	\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Double integral	\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy
Triple integral	\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz
Quadruple integral	\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt
Line or path integral	\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Closed line or path integral	\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Intersections	\bigcap_1^n p
Unions	\bigcup_1^k p

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{2}{4}=0.5
Small Fractions	\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5
Large (normal) Fractions	\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a
Large (nested) Fractions	\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a
Binomial coefficients	\binom{n}{k}
Small Binomial coefficients	\tbinom{n}{k}
Large (normal) Binomial coefficients	\dbinom{n}{k}
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
Case distinctions	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}
Multiline equations	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\ \end{align}
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\ \end{alignat}
Multiline equations (must define number of colums used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}
Multiline equations (more)	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}
Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary	<math>f(x) \,\!</math> <math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math> <math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
Simultaneous equations	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}
Arrays	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array}

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Bad	( \frac{1}{2} )
Good	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack
Braces	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle
Bars and double bars	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right match	\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right |
Use \left. and \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]/<code>
	<code>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle
	\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash

Alphabets and typefaces

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu
\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu
\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters	\mbox{abc}	abc
mixed italics (bad)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	ifnis even
mixed italics (good)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	if n is even
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)	\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}

Color

Equations can use color:

• {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}

  

• x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}

  

See here for all named colors supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding.

Formatting issues

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
double quad space	a \qquad b
quad space	a \quad b
text space	a\ b
text space without PNG conversion	a \mbox{ } b	a b
large space	a\;b
medium space	a\>b	[not supported]
small space	a\,b
no space	ab
small negative space	a\!b

Alignment with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

Examples

A sample conforming diagram is commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg.

Examples

ax2 + bx + c = 0

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>

<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

<math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math>

 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 

<math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>

<math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math>

 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>

   
<math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math>

Table 40: Binary Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\amalg		\cup		\oplus		\times
\ast		\dagger		\oslash		\triangleleft
\bigcirc		\ddagger		\otimes		\triangleright
\bigtriangledown		\diamond		\pm		\unlhd *	Failed to parse (unknown function\unlhd): \unlhd
\bigtriangleup		\div		\rhd *	Failed to parse (unknown function\rhd): \rhd	\unrhd *	Failed to parse (unknown function\unrhd): \unrhd
\bullet		\lhd *	Failed to parse (unknown function\lhd): \lhd	\setminus		\uplus
\cap		\mp		\sqcap		\vee
\cdot		\odot		\sqcup		\wedge
\circ		\ominus		\star		\wr

* Not predefined in . One of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym is required.

Table 41: AMS Binary Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\barwedge		\circledcirc		\intercal
\boxdot		\circleddash		\leftthreetimes
\boxminus		\Cup		\ltimes
\boxplus		\curlyvee		\rightthreetimes
\boxtimes		\curlywedge		\rtimes
\Cap		\divideontimes		\smallsetminus
\centerdot		\dotplus		\veebar
\circledast		\doublebarwedge

Table 42: stmaryrd Binary Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\baro	Failed to parse (unknown function\baro): \baro	\bbslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\bbslash): \bbslash	\binampersand	Failed to parse (unknown function\binampersand): \binampersand	\bindnasrepma	Failed to parse (unknown function\bindnasrepma): \bindnasrepma
\boxast	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxast): \boxast	\boxbar	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxbar): \boxbar	\boxbox	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxbox): \boxbox	\boxbslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxbslash): \boxbslash
\boxcircle	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxcircle): \boxcircle	\boxdot		\boxempty	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxempty): \boxempty	\boxslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxslash): \boxslash
\curlyveedownarrow	Failed to parse (unknown function\curlyveedownarrow): \curlyveedownarrow	\curlyveeuparrow	Failed to parse (unknown function\curlyveeuparrow): \curlyveeuparrow	\curlywedgedownarrow	Failed to parse (unknown function\curlywedgedownarrow): \curlywedgedownarrow	\curlywedgeuparrow	Failed to parse (unknown function\curlywedgeuparrow): \curlywedgeuparrow
\fatbslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\fatbslash): \fatbslash	\fatsemi	Failed to parse (unknown function\fatsemi): \fatsemi	\fatslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\fatslash): \fatslash	\interleave	Failed to parse (unknown function\interleave): \interleave
\leftslice	Failed to parse (unknown function\leftslice): \leftslice	\merge	Failed to parse (unknown function\merge): \merge	\minuso	Failed to parse (unknown function\minuso): \minuso	\moo	Failed to parse (unknown function\moo): \moo
\nplus	Failed to parse (unknown function\nplus): \nplus	\obar	Failed to parse (unknown function\obar): \obar	\oblong	Failed to parse (unknown function\oblong): \oblong	\obslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\obslash): \obslash
\ogreaterthan	Failed to parse (unknown function\ogreaterthan): \ogreaterthan	\olessthan	Failed to parse (unknown function\olessthan): \olessthan	\ovee	Failed to parse (unknown function\ovee): \ovee	\owedge	Failed to parse (unknown function\owedge): \owedge
\rightslice	Failed to parse (unknown function\rightslice): \rightslice	\sslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\sslash): \sslash	\talloblong	Failed to parse (unknown function\talloblong): \talloblong	\varbigcirc	Failed to parse (unknown function\varbigcirc): \varbigcirc
\varcurlyvee	Failed to parse (unknown function\varcurlyvee): \varcurlyvee	\varcurlywedge	Failed to parse (unknown function\varcurlywedge): \varcurlywedge	\varoast	Failed to parse (unknown function\varoast): \varoast	\varobar	Failed to parse (unknown function\varobar): \varobar
\varobslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\varobslash): \varobslash	\varocircle	Failed to parse (unknown function\varocircle): \varocircle	\varodot	Failed to parse (unknown function\varodot): \varodot	\varogreaterthan	Failed to parse (unknown function\varogreaterthan): \varogreaterthan
\varolessthan	Failed to parse (unknown function\varolessthan): \varolessthan	\varominus	Failed to parse (unknown function\varominus): \varominus	\varoplus	Failed to parse (unknown function\varoplus): \varoplus	\varoslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\varoslash): \varoslash
\varotimes	Failed to parse (unknown function\varotimes): \varotimes	\varovee	Failed to parse (unknown function\varovee): \varovee	\varowedge	Failed to parse (unknown function\varowedge): \varowedge	\vartimes	Failed to parse (unknown function\vartimes): \vartimes
\Ydown	Failed to parse (unknown function\Ydown): \Ydown	\Yleft	Failed to parse (unknown function\Yleft): \Yleft	\Yright	Failed to parse (unknown function\Yright): \Yright	\Yup	Failed to parse (unknown function\Yup): \Yup

Table 43: wasysym Binary Operators

Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

Table 45: mathabx Binary Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\ast		\curlywedge		\sqcap
\Asterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\Asterisk): \Asterisk	\divdot	Failed to parse (unknown function\divdot): \divdot	\sqcup
\barwedge		\divideontimes		\sqdoublecap	Failed to parse (unknown function\sqdoublecap): \sqdoublecap
\bigstar		\dotdiv	Failed to parse (unknown function\dotdiv): \dotdiv	\sqdoublecup	Failed to parse (unknown function\sqdoublecup): \sqdoublecup
\bigvarstar	Failed to parse (unknown function\bigvarstar): \bigvarstar	\dotplus		\square
\blackdiamond	Failed to parse (unknown function\blackdiamond): \blackdiamond	\dottimes	Failed to parse (unknown function\dottimes): \dottimes	\squplus	Failed to parse (unknown function\squplus): \squplus
\cap		\doublebarwedge		\udot	Failed to parse (unknown function\udot): \udot
\circplus	Failed to parse (unknown function\circplus): \circplus	\doublecap		\uplus
\coasterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\coasterisk): \coasterisk	\doublecup		\varstar	Failed to parse (unknown function\varstar): \varstar
\coAsterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\coAsterisk): \coAsterisk	\ltimes		\vee
\convolution	Failed to parse (unknown function\convolution): \convolution	\pluscirc	Failed to parse (unknown function\pluscirc): \pluscirc	\veebar
\cup		\rtimes		\veedoublebar	Failed to parse (unknown function\veedoublebar): \veedoublebar
\curlyvee		\sqbullet	Failed to parse (unknown function\sqbullet): \sqbullet	\wedge

Table 49: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators

Table 50: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\blacktriangledown		\boxright	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxright): \boxright	\ominus
\blacktriangleleft		\boxslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxslash): \boxslash	\oplus
\blacktriangleright		\boxtimes		\oright	Failed to parse (unknown function\oright): \oright
\blacktriangleup	Failed to parse (unknown function\blacktriangleup): \blacktriangleup	\boxtop	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxtop): \boxtop	\oslash
\boxasterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxasterisk): \boxasterisk	\boxtriangleup	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxtriangleup): \boxtriangleup	\otimes
\boxbackslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxbackslash): \boxbackslash	\boxvoid	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxvoid): \boxvoid	\otop	Failed to parse (unknown function\otop): \otop
\boxbot	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxbot): \boxbot	\oasterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\oasterisk): \oasterisk	\otriangleup	Failed to parse (unknown function\otriangleup): \otriangleup
\boxcirc	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxcirc): \boxcirc	\obackslash	Failed to parse (unknown function\obackslash): \obackslash	\ovoid	Failed to parse (unknown function\ovoid): \ovoid
\boxcoasterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxcoasterisk): \boxcoasterisk	\obot	Failed to parse (unknown function\obot): \obot	\smalltriangledown	Failed to parse (unknown function\smalltriangledown): \smalltriangledown
\boxdiv	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxdiv): \boxdiv	\ocirc	Failed to parse (unknown function\ocirc): \ocirc	\smalltriangleleft	Failed to parse (unknown function\smalltriangleleft): \smalltriangleleft
\boxdot		\ocoasterisk	Failed to parse (unknown function\ocoasterisk): \ocoasterisk	\smalltriangleright	Failed to parse (unknown function\smalltriangleright): \smalltriangleright
\boxleft	Failed to parse (unknown function\boxleft): \boxleft	\odiv	Failed to parse (unknown function\odiv): \odiv	\smalltriangleup	Failed to parse (unknown function\smalltriangleup): \smalltriangleup
\boxminus		\odot
\boxplus		\oleft	Failed to parse (unknown function\oleft): \oleft

Table 52: Variable-sized Math Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\bigcap		\bigotimes		\bigwedge		\prod
\bigcup		\bigsqcup		\coprod		\sum
\bigodot		\biguplus		\int
\bigoplus		\bigvee		\oint

Table 53: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output
\idotsint	Failed to parse (unknown function\idotsint): \idotsint	\iiint
\iiiint		\iint

Table 54: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output
\bigbox	Failed to parse (unknown function\bigbox): \bigbox	\biginterleave	Failed to parse (unknown function\biginterleave): \biginterleave	\bigsqcap	Failed to parse (unknown function\bigsqcap): \bigsqcap
\bigcurlyvee	Failed to parse (unknown function\bigcurlyvee): \bigcurlyvee	\bignplus	Failed to parse (unknown function\bignplus): \bignplus	\bigtriangledown
\bigcurlywedge	Failed to parse (unknown function\bigcurlywedge): \bigcurlywedge	\bigparallel	Failed to parse (unknown function\bigparallel): \bigparallel	\bigtriangleup

Table 55: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\iiint		\oiint	Failed to parse (unknown function\oiint): \oiint	\varoint	Failed to parse (unknown function\varoint): \varoint
\iint		\varint	Failed to parse (unknown function\varint): \varint

Table 101: stmaryrd Arrows

Table 105: mathabx Harpoons

Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output	Code	Output
\barleftharpoon	Failed to parse (unknown function\barleftharpoon): \barleftharpoon	\barrightharpoon	Failed to parse (unknown function\barrightharpoon): \barrightharpoon	\downdownharpoons	Failed to parse (unknown function\downdownharpoons): \downdownharpoons	\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright		\downupharpoons	Failed to parse (unknown function\downupharpoons): \downupharpoons	\leftbarharpoon	Failed to parse (unknown function\leftbarharpoon): \leftbarharpoon	\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup		\leftleftharpoons	Failed to parse (unknown function\leftleftharpoons): \leftleftharpoons	\leftrightharpoon	Failed to parse (unknown function\leftrightharpoon): \leftrightharpoon	\leftrightharpoons
\rightbarharpoon	Failed to parse (unknown function\rightbarharpoon): \rightbarharpoon	\rightharpoondown		\rightharpoonup		\rightleftharpoon	Failed to parse (unknown function\rightleftharpoon): \rightleftharpoon
\rightleftharpoons		\rightrightharpoons	Failed to parse (unknown function\rightrightharpoons): \rightrightharpoons	\updownharpoons	Failed to parse (unknown function\updownharpoons): \updownharpoons	\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright		\upupharpoons	Failed to parse (unknown function\upupharpoons): \upupharpoons

Table 156: yhmath Math-Mode Accents

Table 157: Extensible Accents

Code	Output	Code	Output
\widetilde{abc} *	Failed to parse (unknown function\widetilde): \widetilde{abc}	\overleftarrow{abc}
\overline{abc}		\overbrace{abc}
\sqrt{abc}		\widehat{abc}
\overrightarrow{abc}		\underline{abc}
\underbrace{abc}		\sqrt[n]{abc}

* The yhmath package is required.

Table 159: yhmath Extensible Accents

Table 160: AMS Extensible Accents

Code	Output	Code	Output
\overleftrightarrow{abc}	Failed to parse (PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert): \overleftrightarrow{abc}	\underleftrightarrow{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\underleftrightarrow): \underleftrightarrow{abc}
\underleftarrow{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\underleftarrow): \underleftarrow{abc}	\underrightarrow{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\underrightarrow): \underrightarrow{abc}
\xleftarrow{abc}		\xrightarrow{abc}

Table 163 mathabx Extensible Accents

Code	Output	Code	Output
\overbrace{abc}		\widebar{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\widebar): \widebar{abc}
\overgroup{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\overgroup): \overgroup{abc}	\widecheck{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\widecheck): \widecheck{abc}
\underbrace{abc}		\wideparen{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\wideparen): \wideparen{abc}
\undergroup{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\undergroup): \undergroup{abc}	\widering{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\widering): \widering{abc}
\widearrow{abc}	Failed to parse (unknown function\widearrow): \widearrow{abc}

The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size. They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.

Table 164: esvect Extensible Accents

esvect also defines a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variables with subscripts.

Table 174: Dots

Code	Output	Code	Output
\cdotp	Failed to parse (unknown function\cdotp): \cdotp	\colon *	:
\ldotp	Failed to parse (unknown function\ldotp): \ldotp	\vdots
\cdots		\ddots
\ldots

* While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing.

Table 175: AMS Dots

Code	Output	Code	Output
\dotsb		\dotsi	Failed to parse (unknown function\dotsi): \dotsi
\dotso	Failed to parse (unknown function\dotso): \dotso	\dotsc	Failed to parse (unknown function\dotsc): \dotsc
\dotsm	Failed to parse (unknown function\dotsm): \dotsm

Work in progress, expect frequent changes. Help and feedback is welcome. See discussion page.